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Objective 2:
Schematic
diagrams of transport systems
Objective 3:
Single
v. double circuit circulation
Diagram
of the human circulatory system (optional)
Objective 5:
Structure
of the human heart (optional)
Rat
Dissection Pictures (new!)
Objective 9:
Exchange of fluids at the capillaries (9c)
Objective 10:
Lymphatic
system structure
Objective 11:
Characteristics
of the blood
Objective 12:
Bacteria
linked to atherosclerosis (optional)
Objective 13:
Cornell Lake
Source Cooling
How
do frogs survive the winter? More on this topic
Objective 14:
Biosynthesis (14d)
Consequences of alcohol consumption (14f)
Effects of alcohol
on the liver cells
What does alcohol do to your liver?
Complications of alcohol consumption
Objective 19:
Nitrogenous
wastes (19a)
Objective 21:
Kidney
function (21a) - note, the DVD on Kidney Function is optional and may only be necessary if you are confused about the objectives.
Diagram of human kidney / urinary system
Objective 23:
Rat
Dissection Pictures (new!)
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Effects of Alcohol on the Liver Cells
Rats were separated into two groups: one group (control) was fed a normal diet; the other (experimental) was given a normal diet plus alcohol. Note the difference in the livers of the control and experimental groups.
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| FATTY LIVER was produced in laboratory rats by alcohol in
spite of an adequate diet. Liver-tissue sections from two rats are enlarged
240 diameters in these photomicrographs. One rat (left) was fed a liquid
diet without alcohol. The other (right) had a liquid diet containing ethanol
as 36 percent of total calories. After 24 hours the micrograph of the ethanol-fed
rat’s liver shows numerous globular fat droplets. |
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| MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGES are revealed in electron micrographs
in which part of the liver cell is enlarged 16,000 diameters. In the control
liver (left) the gray organelles with infolding membranes (cristae) are
normal mitochondria; between them the parallel arrays of ribosome-studded
rough endoplasmic reticulum are seen, along with some vesicular (sac-shaped)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In the liver of the ethanol-fed rat (right)
the mitochondria are swollen and distorted; in some mitochondria the external
membrane and cristae are disrupted. There is marked proliferation of the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum. |
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