|
Objective 3:
AMP v. ADP v. ATP
Objective 4:
Enzymes
Induced Fit (Carboxypeptidase)
Objective 5:
The Active Site of Carboxypetidase
(for more see below)
Objective 10:
Chemiosmosis Video
Chemiosmosis handout
Objective 12:
Chemiosmosis Video
F1 complex (12c)
Animation of the F1complex
Objective 13:
Why do our muscles hurt after exercise? (optional)
Objective 14:
ATP challenge: 6-carbon fatty acid
vs. glucose
Objective 16:
Endothermic v. ectothermic
Hot-weather
Hibernators (optional)
Objective 17:
Temperature, size, and metabolic
rate
For
All Creatures Great and Small, One Model Predicts Metabolic Rate
(optional)
Optional Supplementary Material:
More on carboxypeptidase 1,
2
Where do all those ATP come from?
Energy changes in endergonic reactions
Enzymes promote catalysis
by different mechanisms
NADH AND FADH are generated
during the oxidation of glucose
Why are 2.5 ATP produced from
each NADH...?
|
ATP Challenge: 6-carbon fatty acid vs. glucose
| A 6-carbon fatty acid has more “stored energy” than
glucose (also 6 carbons) because fat metabolism will break the
fatty acid into 3, 2-carbon acetyl CoA molecules, while glycolysis
breaks glucose into just 2 acetyl CoAs and wastes 2 carbons in
forming CO2. In producing the 3 acetyl CoAs, fatty
acid metabolism also yields 1 NADH and 1 FADH2 for
every pair of carbons in the fatty acid. These are fed into the
electron transport chain like normal and result in the production
of extra ATP by the fatty acid. The breakdown of fatty acids into
acetyl CoA is called β-oxidation and occurs in the mitochondria.
Interestingly, studies have shown that grizzly bears depend solely
on β-oxidation of stored fats to maintain their body heat
and to produce energy for other body functions during their long
period of winter sleep. No wonder bears work so hard to find and
consume fatty foods before winter hits! |
 |
The accounting looks like this:
| |
Glucose |
Fatty acid |
| Glycolysis |
2 ATP (substrate)
2 NADH (= 3 ATP)
|
None |
| Acetyl CoA production |
2 NADH (= 5 ATP)
2 Acetyl CoA |
3 NADH (= 7.5 ATP)
3 FADH2 (= 4.5 ATP)
3 Acetyl CoA |
| Krebs |
2 ATP (substrate)
2 Turns
6 NADH (= 15 ATP)
2 FADH2 (= 3 ATP) |
3 ATP (substrate)
3 Turns
9 NADH (= 22.5 ATP)
3 FADH2 (= 4.5 ATP) |
| GRAND TOTAL |
30 ATP |
42 ATP |
| |
5 ATP/carbon |
7 ATP/carbon
40% more ATP per molecule |
|
